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Ператия: трапезундские владения в Крыму


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На рубеже II и I веков до нашей эры Крым и Южное Причерноморье были объединены в границах державы Митридата Евпатора. Прошли 1300 лет – и история повторилась, но уже в виде Трапезундской империи.

XII век, вероятно, был самым спокойным в средневековой истории Крыма. Возможно, потому, что до нас дошло мало источников этого времени, а возможно, так было на самом деле. Византия владела крымским побережьем от Херсона до Сугдеи, юго-западной частью гор, Боспором, Таманью и прилежащими частями кавказского побережья. На этой территории располагались более полусотни городов и замков.

Степи Крыма принадлежали местной половецкой орде (хотя, насколько можно судить, кочевали там также и остатки торков и печенегов). Города полуострова, оставаясь византийскими, платили половцам дань, а Сугдея превратилась в их главный торговый узел. За это степные правители воздерживались от нападений на соседей и посредничали в торговле Византии с Русью и Волжской Булгарией.

Но в самом начале XIII века произошли события, на 200 лет изменившие расстановку сил в Восточном Средиземноморье.

В 1203 году в борьбе за власть над Византией сошлись Алексей III Ангел и его племянник – тоже Алексей Ангел. Младший претендент позвал на помощь крестоносцев, те осадили город, а народные волнения вынудили василевса бежать. Впрочем, новый правитель Алексей IV продержался на престоле полгода, а его убийца и преемник Алексей V – три месяца. 12-13 апреля 1204 года Константинополь впервые в своей истории был захвачен врагами. На престоле Романии (или Латинской империи) сел Балдуин I Фландрский.

На руинах Византии возникли несколько независимых греческих государств. Воспользовавшись войсками своей тетки по матери, знаменитой грузинской царицы Тамары, Алексей Комнин, сын одного из предыдущих василевсов, вступил в борьбу за престол. 23 апреля 1204 года он занял Трапезунд, который стал столицей новой империи. Захватить Константинополь Комнинам так и не удалось. И хотя главный осколок Византии – Никейская империя – была больше и географически ближе к Крыму, полуостров оказался частью именно Трапезунда.

Скорее всего, присоединение произошло мирно. Единичные трапезундские серебряные и медные монеты находили в Херсоне, Балаклаве и Сугдее, 38 аспров были найдены на месте кораблекрушения в бухте Нового Света. Сами по себе деньги не являются доказательством политического контроля – монеты из Трапезунда найдены в Солхате, в Азове, на Кавказе и на нижней Волге. Однако, несмотря на свою малочисленность, трапезундские монеты все равно встречаются в Крыму чаще, чем аналогичные никейские, что свидетельствует само за себя. На Тамани была найдена печать первого трапезундского императора. Еще одним свидетельством экономических связей между метрополией и Крымом является обилие гончарной керамики «трапезундского» типа в раскопках Судака.

Все крымско-таманские владения, вероятно, были объединены в одну административную единицу, известную как Ператия – буквально «По ту сторону». В 1282 году Иоанн II отказался от претензий на Константинополь и сложил с себя титул «императора ромеев», заменив его на «василевс и автократор всей Анатолии, Иверии и Ператии».

Форма зависимости Крыма и Тамани от Трапезунда была стандартной – раз в год столичный чиновник, архонт димосия, забирал из Херсона собранную на полуостровах государственную подать. Нападение турок-сельджуков на такой корабль с казной в середине 1220-х гг. привело к войне их султаната с Трапезундом. Однако перипетии и даже датировка боевых действий настолько туманны, что их разбору будет посвящен отдельный материал.

Поскольку метрополия располагалась в горной области, Трапезундская империя сильно зависела от продовольственного обмена. Главным местным товаром на экспорт было вино, которое в огромных масштабах вывозилось в Крым и Константинополь. В обратную сторону шла пшеница, просо и ячмень, а также соль, обогащавшая итальянских купцов. Если в Каффе соль стояла 1,75 аспра, то в Трапезунде – от 3,5 до 5 аспров. Также из Крыма, Кубани и Приазовья привозили речную рыбу, преимущественно осетровую. А если у Трапезунда возникали сложности с тюркскими полукочевыми соседями, то из Крыма приходилось ввозить и продукты животноводства: сыр, мясо и сало.

Главным транзитным товаром империи был шелк. Первоначально китайский шелк везли через сам Трапезунд, но в 1340-х гг. этот путь захирел. Зато обрел популярность шелк из Прикаспия и Туркестана, вывозимый через Тану и Крым. С Руси и Кавказа привозили меха, которые тоже через полуостров отправлялись на Запад.

Морской путь от южного берега Крыма до Трапезунда занимал 10-12 дней – главным образом потому, что идти приходилось вдаль берегов. А вот до Синопа из Крыма плыть было два-пять дней, потому-то императоры постоянно воевали с сельджуками за обладание этим городом. И уже в конце XIII века меняется главный контрагент Трапезунда в Крыму – с Херсона на генуэзскую Каффу.

Власть Трапезунда над Крымом демонстрирует история с епископом Феодором. Еще в 1208 году патриарший престол занял выходец из Никеи Михаил IV. Но рукоположенных им епископов Амастриды, Сугдеи и Херсона трапезундские императоры изгнали, заменив своими ставленниками. В 1222 году новым патриархом стал Герман II. Некоторое время спустя (в 1223-м или, скорее, 1226 г.) он отправил Феодора с миссией в кавказскую Аланию. Но Трапезундская империя претендовала на влияние в том регионе и потому всячески препятствовала Феодору. Тот оставил послание с описанием своих злоключений, из которого мы знаем подробности.

И светские, и церковные власти Крыма были подконтрольны Трапезунду

По дороге епископ был захвачен неким Цаманом и сослан в Херсон, где находился в «среднем состоянии между свободой и узами». Воспользовавшись народными волнениями, Феодор сбежал и укрылся в аланском селении близ города. Цаман требовал выдачи беглеца, но обстановка в Херсоне переменилась, так что он сам был вынужден спасаться. Феодору же пришлось предстать пред судом херсонского епископа. В конечном итоге Феодор был отпущен и отправился на Боспор, но тамошний архонт не впустил епископа в город (если автор называет «скифами» половцев, то в этот момент они совершили безрезультатное нападение на Боспор). Вероятнее всего, и светские, и церковные власти Крыма были подконтрольны Трапезунду, поэтому так отнеслись к никейскому епископу. Однако из послания Феодора также следует, что и в Херсоне, и в Боспоре не всем по душе пришлась новая власть, поэтому города и сотрясали народные волнения.

Тем временем на Крым обрушилось новое бедствие – монголы. И если первые два набега 1223-го и 1238 года (популярная дата – 1239 год – является следствием ошибки при пересчете византийского календаря на современный) были скоротечны, то в середине века все изменилось. Но это уже тема отдельного материала.

В 1261 году никейский правитель сумел отбить Константинополь у латинян, но воссозданная Византийская империя была лишь тенью себя прошлой. Некоторые бывшие части страны сохранили свою независимость, включая и Трапезунд. Крым, насколько можно судить по находкам печатей XIV века, оставался частью Трапезундской империи, при этом явно были расширены торговые отношения Херсона с Византией. Чтобы усилить свое влияние на полуострове, не позднее 1280 года Константинопольский патриархат повысил статус всех крымских епархий до митрополий.

Византийская империя была лишь тенью себя прошлой

Признание Комнинами над собою сюзеренитета сельджуков в 1214 году и монголов между 1244-м и 1246 годом, естественно, распространялось и на их крымские владения. Однако внутреннее устройство городов от этого изменилось не сильно. Мы знаем, что Сугдеей в XIII и XIV веках управлял чиновник в ранге севаста – возможно, система катепаната в византийской Таврике была упразднена, и каждый город получил свою собственную администрацию. Известно около 10 имен севастов, часть из них – тюркские. Происходили севасты из разных родов, но механизм их ротации неизвестен.

Несмотря на то, что с 1249 года крымские города платили дань Монгольской империи, они продолжали признавать над собой власть Трапезунда. Так, в 1343 году из метрополии в Ператию сбежали несколько участников династической междоусобицы, но по приказу центральных властей они были арестованы и возвращены в столицу – как видим, местная власть слушалась приказов императора. А последний раз в официальных документах Трапезунда Ператия упоминается в булле василевса Алексея III 1364 года. Вскоре после этого большая часть крымского побережья стала формальным владением Генуи.

Роскомнадзор пытается заблокировать доступ к сайту Крым.Реалии. Беспрепятственно читать Крым.Реалии можно с помощью зеркального сайта: https://d2p8pq7mtuchbw.cloudfront.net/ следите за основными новостями в Telegram, Instagram и Viber Крым.Реалии. Рекомендуем вам установить VPN.


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Путин может наказать Шойгу за невыполнение военных целей Кремля – ISW


Президент России Владимир Путин 2 мая встретился с Алексеем Дюминым, губернатором Тульской области РФ, связанным с группировкой «ЧВК Вагнер», обращают внимание аналитики американского Института изучения войны (ISW). По их мнению, перед запланированной на 7 мая инаугурацией Путина на новый срок это может свидетельствовать о его стремлении снизить власть министра обороны России Сергея Шойгу, уравновесить его с конкурентами и наказать за неспособность достичь военных целей Кремля.

Эксперты не пишут прямо, готовится ли отставка Шойгу и назначение на должность Дюмина, но напоминают, что Дюмин в 2022 и 2023 годах неоднократно становился на сторону руководителя группировки «ЧВК Вагнер» Евгения Пригожина в его конфликтах с руководством Министерства обороны РФ «якобы пытаясь способствовать увольнению в российском Минобороны и, возможно, надеясь заменить самого российского министра обороны Сергея Шойгу».

51-летний Дюмин в 2015-2016 годах в течение короткого времени был заместителем министра обороны России.

Путин, вероятно, намеренно обнародовал свою встречу с Дюминым после громкого ареста замминистра обороны России Тимура Иванова 24 апреля, отмечают аналитики ISW.

Они также обращают внимание, что Шойгу имел особенно близкие отношения с Ивановым, и арест Иванова вместе с внезапным возвращением на передний план Дюмина может свидетельствовать о том, что Кремль недоволен работой Шойгу. Один из российских источников, однако, оценил, что отставка Шойгу в 2024 году маловероятна, говорится в отчете ISW.

Заместитель министра обороны России Тимур Иванов был арестован судом в Москве утром 24 апреля. Он находится в СИЗО «Лефортово» по уголовному делу о получении взятки в особо крупном размере. По версии следствия, чиновник «вступил в преступный сговор с третьими лицами». В общей сложности по делу трое подозреваемых: Тимур Иванов, его друг Сергей Бородин и совладелец «Олимпситистроя» Александр Фомин. Его обвиняют в даче взятки.

Иванов обвинение отвергает.

Официально уголовное дело против Иванова связано с проведением подрядных и субподрядных работ для нужд Минобороны России.

Роскомнадзор пытается заблокировать доступ к сайту Крым.Реалии. Беспрепятственно читать Крым.Реалии можно с помощью зеркального сайта: https://d2p8pq7mtuchbw.cloudfront.net/ следите за основными новостями в Telegram, Instagram и Viber Крым.Реалии. Рекомендуем вам установить VPN.


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Кадровая сенсация: “любимый генерал Владимира Путина” может занять высокий пост в МО


Всего два дня осталось до знаменательного события — инаугурации президента РФ Владимира Путина. В этот же день президент, традиционно, примет отставку правительства. Какие кадровые сенсации уже готовят в Кремле, пытаются предсказать аналитики. 

Самая главная интрига

Источник: rbudny.ru

Положение Михаила Мишустина остается устойчивым, он и его команда показали высочайшую работоспособность в условиях хаоса ковида, сумели удерживать экономику страны после введения беспрецедентных западных санкций.

Если еще несколько месяцев назад кандидатура на пост министра обороны РФ казалась неоспоримой, то сейчас допускают даже отставку Сергея Шойгу. Если такое решение будет принято президентом, возникает вопрос — кто может быть назначен на ключевой пост в такой сложной политической обстановке. 

Как писал Царьград, сейчас ускоренными темпами формируется новая структура взаимодействия власти с гражданским обществом. Когда чиновник не справляется с задачами или дискредитирует себя, как заместитель министра обороны Тимур Иванов, он может очень быстро лишиться кресла.

Если до последних событий заменить могли всего четверть состава правительства, теперь никто не берется прогнозировать, какие последуют кадровые перестановки. 

«Любимый генерал президента» возвращается в Москву

Источник: carposting.ru

В четверг 2 мая Владимир Путин провел встречу с тульским губернатором. В СМИ его окрестили «любимым генералом президента». Поскольку вопросы с переизбранием главы региона до 2026 года подниматься еще не должны, значит у встречи была другая причина. Как сообщал портал pronedra.ru, открытая часть встречи была посвящена обсуждению проблем региона, вопросы возможного назначения на федеральную должность не поднимались. Эксперты уверены, что на закрытой части беседы Владимира Путина с Алексеем Дюминым обсуждалась новая должность генерал-полковника.

Сайт Кремля

Интересно, что специалисты по политтехнологиям, которые тесно сотрудничали с губернатором, приостановили работы буквально за несколько дней до его встречи с главой государства. Очевидно, что сейчас формируется ряд других задач, которые могут быть связаны с новыми должностными обязанностями Дюмина. У него безупречный послужной список, где он прошел школу работы в спецслужбах,  дослужился до заместителя МО РФ. Теперь вопрос лишь в том, какой пост займет тульский губернатор. В том, что он возвращается в Москву, уже мало кто сомневается.

Новая должность может быть связана не в МО РФ. Так на высшем уровне уже обсуждался вопрос создания министерства, которое будет курировать военно-промышленный комплекс. Высокую эффективность такое звено исполнительной власти продемонстрировало в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Допускают также создание министерства вооружений, которое также может возглавить Дюмин.

Телеграм-канал «Преемник» допускает, что генерал займет кресло вице-премьера. Автор допускает, что Владимир Владимирович может предложить ему и вовсе «что-то удивительное». Ждать ответов осталось не долго. 7 мая 2024 года мы узнаем какому составу правительства будет доверено выполнение грандиозных инициатив нашего президента.


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Арест Тимура Иванова удар по карьере Алексея Дюмина


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Арест Тимура Иванова имеет негативный эффект также и для политических перспектив Алексея Дюмина, которого начали прочить на место Шойгу и которого патронирует Геннадий Тимченко. Дюмин, как и Иванов, входит в группу Геннадия Тимченко, куда он попал еще в бытность работы адъютантом Владимира Путина, поскольку Тимченко был нужен свой человек рядом с Путиным. Гораздо позже Дюмин за свою смекалку и любовь к хоккею оказался в роли советника Тимченко, когда последний занимал должность председателя совета директоров хоккейного клуба СКА. Когда же Дюмин показал, что неспособен быть на роли заместителя Шойгу и работать в интересах Тимченко, его поменяли на более компромиссного как для Тимченко, так и для Шойгу, Тимура Иванова.

 Арест Иванова также свидетельствует о том, что бизнес интересы Тимченко в Африке и Сирии Кремль начал урезать. В своих поездках по Африке в компании с Евкуровым, Иванов занимался отъемом активов ЧВК «Вагнер» не в пользу Минобороны, а непосредственно в пользу Тимченко. Кроме того, сейчас сворачивается и спонсируемый Тимченко проект «Африканский корпус», который оказался провальным несмотря на привлечение восходящей звезды ГРУ – генерал-лейтенанта Андрея Аверьянова. 

Таким образом, сам по себе арест Иванова является ударом не столько по Сергею Шойгу, сколько по империи Геннадия Тимченко, что явно не предвещает никаких перспектив повышения Алексея Дюмина. За Дюминым все еще тянется шлейф мятежа Пригожина, с которым они состояли в близких отношениях и кого Пригожин публично призывал назначить на должность министра обороны вместо Шойгу. Развитие ситуации вокруг Иванова и его покровителя Тимченко также не играет и на руку опальному генералу Сергею Суровикину. Суровикин ранее тоже занимался тем, что использовал свое служебное положение в качестве командующего Группировкой войск ВС РФ в САР, а после и Главкома ВКС, в интересах обеспечения бизнес интересов Тимченко. Тут также стоить отметить, что непосредственно Пригожин лоббировал назначение Суровикина на должность начальника Генерального штаба и что известно, чем закончилось для самого Суровикина.


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Russia plotting sabotage across Europe, intelligence agencies warn


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European intelligence agencies have warned their governments that Russia is plotting violent acts of sabotage across the continent as it commits to a course of permanent conflict with the west. 

Russia has already begun to more actively prepare covert bombings, arson attacks and damage to infrastructure on European soil, directly and via proxies, with little apparent concern about causing civilian fatalities, intelligence officials believe. 

While the Kremlin’s agents have a long history of such operations — and launched attacks sporadically in Europe in recent years — evidence is mounting of a more aggressive and concerted effort, according to assessments from three different European countries shared with the Financial Times. 

Intelligence officials are becoming increasingly vocal about the threat in an effort to promote vigilance. 

“We assess the risk of state-controlled acts of sabotage to be significantly increased,” said Thomas Haldenwang, head of German domestic intelligence. Russia now seems comfortable carrying out operations on European soil “[with] a high potential for damage,” he told a security conference last month hosted by his agency, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution.  

Thomas Haldenwang, president of the Federal Office for the Protection of the ConstitutionThomas Haldenwang has warned that Russia is comfortable carrying out sabotage on European soil. © Christian Marquardt/NurPhoto/Getty Images

Haldenwang spoke just days after two German-Russian nationals were arrested in Bayreuth, Bavaria, for allegedly plotting to attack military and logistics sites in Germany on behalf of Russia. 

Two men were charged in the UK in late April with having started a fire at a warehouse containing aid shipments for Ukraine. English prosecutors accuse them of working for the Russian government. 

In Sweden, security services are meanwhile investigating a series of recent railway derailments, which they suspect may be acts of state-backed sabotage.

Russia has attempted to destroy the signalling systems on Czech railways, the country’s transport minister told the FT last month. 

In Estonia, an attack on the interior minister’s car in February and those of journalists were perpetrated by Russian intelligence operatives, the country’s Internal Security Service has said. France’s ministry of defence also warned this year of possible sabotage attacks by Russia on military sites. 

“The obvious conclusion is that there has been a real stepping up of Russian activity,” said Keir Giles, senior consulting fellow at Chatham House, the think-tank.

“One cannot tell if that’s a reflection of the fact that the Russians are throwing more resources at it; whether they are being more sloppy and getting caught; or whether western counter-intelligence has simply become better at detecting and stopping it,” he added. “Whatever it is though — there is a lot going on.”

A defendant alleged to have violated EU trade restrictions in connection with deliveries of electronic components for military equipment to Russia enters the courtroom at the Higher Regional CourtA defendant in Baden-Württemberg who is alleged to have violated EU trade restrictions in connection with deliveries of electronic components for military equipment to Russia. © Bernd Weißbrod/dpa

One senior European government official said information was being shared through Nato security services of “clear and convincing Russian mischief”, which was co-ordinated and at scale. 

The time had come to “raise awareness and focus” about the threat of Russian violence on European soil, he added.

Nato issued a statement on Thursday declaring its deep concern about growing “malign activities on allied territory” by Russia, citing what it said was an “intensifying campaign . . . across the Euro-Atlantic area”.

The growing fears over Russia’s appetite for physical damage against its adversaries follow a spate of accusations against Russia over disinformation and hacking campaigns.

On Friday, Germany vowed consequences for Moscow — in a statement backed by the EU and Nato — over a 2023 hacking attack on the social democratic party of chancellor Olaf Scholz.

A scandal exposing Russian attempts to co-opt far right European politicians ahead of upcoming European elections is meanwhile still unfolding.

One intelligence official said Moscow’s sabotage efforts should not be seen as a distinct from other operations, saying the ramp-up in activity reflected Russia’s aim to exert maximum pressure “across the piece”.

Putin is currently feeling “emboldened” and will seek to push lines as hard as he can in Europe, on multiple fronts, he said, whether through disinformation, sabotage or hacking. 

Increased aggression from Russian intelligence also reflects the desire for the country’s spymasters to reassert themselves after their most serious setback since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In the weeks following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, more than 600 Russian intelligence officers operating in Europe with diplomatic cover were ejected, dealing serious damage to the Kremlin’s spy network across the continent. 

In a recent report, analysts at the UK’s Royal United Services Institute highlighted the efforts to which Russia had gone to reconstitute its presence in Europe, often using proxies. Those include members of the Russian diaspora as well as organised crime groups with which the Kremlin has long-standing ties.

A key strategic shift has also occurred, with so-called “Committees of Special Influence” coordinating intelligence operations country-by-country for the Kremlin, drawing together what were previously piecemeal efforts by the country’s fractious security services and other Kremlin players. 

The Royal Ordnance Factory at Glascoe, Wales.The Royal Ordnance Factory at Glascoe, Wales. BAE Systems is investigating an explosion in April. © David Goddard/Getty Images

Frefighters at Diehl Metal Applications in Berlin, Germany.Firefighters at Diehl Metal Applications in Berlin, Germany. © Lisi Niesner/Reuters

With Russia’s stepping up operations, security services have been on high alert over threats and are looking to identify targets they may have missed.

Questions have been raised, for instance, over a so-far unexplained explosion at a BAE Systems munitions factory in Wales that supplies shells used by Ukraine. In October 2014 a Czech arms depot where weapons for Kyiv were being stored was destroyed; Russian military intelligence agents were later revealed to have planted explosives at the site. 

A huge fire broke out on Friday at a factory in Berlin owned by the arms company Diehl, which also supplies Ukraine. More than 160 specialist firefighters were called to tackle the blaze, with residents in a huge swath of the west of the capital told to keep windows closed due to possible toxic fumes. 

“As ever with Russia, it’s wise not to look for a single explanation of why they are doing anything. There’s always a combination of things going on,” said Giles.

“These pinprick attacks we’ve seen so far are of course to create disruption, but they can also be used for disinformation. And then there is what Russia learns from these attacks if they want to immobilise Europe for real . . . They’re practice runs.”


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Rep. Henry Cuellar and his wife allegedly took nearly $600,000 in bribes, indictment says


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Democratic Rep. Henry Cuellar of Texas and his wife have been charged with accepting nearly $600,000 in bribes from two foreign entities, according to an indictment in federal court in Texas.

The alleged scheme took place from late 2014 through at least November 2021, the indictment says.

The congressman and his wife, Imelda Cuellar, made their initial court appearance on Friday in Houston and were released on a $100,000 bond. They are facing several charges, including conspiracy to commit bribery of a federal official, violating the ban on public officials acting as agents of a foreign principal and money laundering.

In a statement on Friday, Cuellar said: “I want to be clear that both my wife and I are innocent of these allegations. Everything I have done in Congress has been to serve the people of South Texas.”

Cuellar said in his statement that actions he took in Congress were “in the interest of the American people” and vowed to continue his bid for reelection in November. The congressman also defended his wife, saying that, “The allegation that she is anything but qualified and hard working is both wrong and offensive.”

“The actions I took in Congress were consistent with the actions of many of my colleagues and in the interest of the American people,” Cuellar said.

Prosecutors say that Henry and Imelda Cuellar crafted two yearslong schemes to get bribes from foreign entities – an oil and gas company “wholly owned and controlled by the Government of Azerbaijan, and a bank headquartered in Mexico City.”

In exchange for bribe payments from the Azerbaijan oil company, Cuellar “agreed to perform official acts in his capacity as a Member of Congress, to commit acts in violation of his official duties, and to act as an agent of the Government of Azerbaijan” and the bank, the indictment says.

Among those promises, prosecutors allege Cuellar agreed to influence US policy through a “series of legislative measures relating to Azerbaijan’s conflict with neighboring Armenia,” by giving a pro-Azerbaijani speech on the House floor, inserting language “favored by Azerbaijan” into legislation and committee reports, and advocating for “series of legislative measures relating to Azerbaijan’s conflict with neighboring Armenia.”

The Texas Democrat also allegedly promised to influence financial regulations in a way that would benefit the Mexican bank and its affiliates, including by working to pressure the Executive Branch on anti-money laundering enforcement practices that “threatened” their business interest and supporting revisions to the criminal money-laundering statutes.

The couple received the bribe payments through shell companies owned by Imelda Cuellar, prosecutors say. They allegedly used the proceeds from the bribery schemes to pay taxes, pay down debt and spend tens of thousands of dollars at restaurants and retail stores. One purchase was for a $12,000 custom gown, according to the indictment.

Cuellar’s home and campaign office in Laredo, Texas, were raided by the FBI in 2022. The charges against Cuellar are not yet publicly available.

A spokesperson for House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries released a statement shortly after Cuellar’s charges were reported, saying that the congressman is entitled to the presumption of innocence. But, spokesperson Christie Stephenson said, Cuellar will temporarily step down from his top spot on a House Appropriations Subcommittee while the investigation is ongoing.

“Henry Cuellar has admirably devoted his career to public service and is a valued Member of the House Democratic Caucus. Like any American, Congressman Cuellar is entitled to his day in court and the presumption of innocence throughout the legal process,” Stephenson said.

The National Republican Congressional Committee swiftly called on Cuellar to resign.

“If his colleagues truly believe in putting ‘people over politics,’ they will call on him to resign. If not — they are hypocrites whose statements about public service aren’t worth the paper they’re written on,” Delanie Bomar, a spokesperson for the NRCC, said in a statement.

CORRECTION: This story has been updated to reflect that a spokesperson for Hakeem Jeffries released a statement following news of Cuellar’s charges. This story and headline have also been updated with additional developments.


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Rep. Henry Cuellar accused of taking bribes from Azerbaijan, Mexican bank


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Rep. Henry Cuellar (D-Tex.) and his wife allegedly accepted $600,000 in bribes from an oil company controlled by the Azerbaijan government and a bank headquartered in Mexico, according to a federal indictment unsealed in Texas on Friday.

The 68-year-old congressman and his wife, Imelda Cuellar, are accused of setting up front companies that entered into sham contracts with the bank and the Azerbaijan government, the indictment said. Through their lawyer, they denied wrongdoing.


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Chechen warlord, Putin ally Ramzan Kadyrov seriously ill — feared poisoned


The warlord leader of Chechnya, one of Russian President Vladimir Putin’s main cronies, is reportedly gravely ill with kidney problems, sparking fears that he was poisoned.

Ramzan Kadyrov brought the United Arab Emirate’s chief nephrologist, or kidney specialist, to Grozny, Chechnya’s capital, for treatment, Kazakh journalist Azamat Maytanov reported.

Kadyrov, the leader of the Chechen Republic since 2007, opted for a doctor from outside of the region over concerns that he was poisoned and therefore does not trust Moscow doctors.

“Kadrov is allegedly very bad and has serious kidney problems,” Maytanov wrote.

“Kadyrov is ill and has already become a drug addict,” he continued, citing Akhmed Zakayev, the now-exiled former prime minister of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria . “He claims that some kind of energy pills previously supported the overactivity of the head of Chechnya.”

Kadyrov is reportedly seriously ill.Kadyrov is reportedly seriously ill. Social media/EAST2WEST NEWS

Kadyrov has been a vocal ally to Moscow since Russia invaded Ukraine’s Crimean Pennisula in 2014 and has championed Putin’s cause in the year since the full-scale invasion began.

In September, he called for Russia to use low-yield nuclear weapons against Ukraine and Putin promoted him to Colonel General in the National Guard of Russia the following month, the Kyiv Independent reported. In October, he referred to the was as a “Big Jihad.”

Ramzan Kadyrov has backed Putin since Russia's invasion of the Crimean Peninsula.Ramzan Kadyrov has backed Putin since Russia’s invasion of the Crimean Peninsula. Kremlin/east2west news

The rumors that Kadyrov was poisoned comes after he said that one of his top generals was poisoned by an envelope last month.

Kadyrov wrote on Telegram that Apti Alaudinov, who leads the Akhmat special forces, was poisoned with a strongly scented letter on Feb. 8, Newsweek reported.

The Chechen warlord called the incident an “assassination attempt.” Alaudinov has since recovered.


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Russia Slides Into Civil War


Is Putin facing his Czar Nicholas II moment?

A black-and-white image shoes Wagner mercenaries walking next to a tank on a street in Rostov-on-Don.

The Wagner Group claimed control of Rostov-on-Don early Saturday morning. (Reuters)

Updated at 6:58 p.m. ET on June 24, 2023

The hall of mirrors that Vladimir Putin has built around himself and within his country is so complex, and so multilayered, that on the eve of a genuine insurrection in Russia, I doubt very much if the Russian president himself believed it could be real.

Certainly the rest of us still can’t know, less than a day after this mutiny began, the true motives of the key players, and especially not of the central figure, Yevgeny Prigozhin, the leader of the Wagner mercenary group. Prigozhin, whose fighters have taken part in brutal conflicts all over Africa and the Middle East—in Syria, Sudan, Libya, the Central African Republic—claims to command 25,000 men in Ukraine. In a statement yesterday afternoon, he accused the Russian army of killing “an enormous amount” of his mercenaries in a bombing raid on his base. Then he called for an armed rebellion, vowing to topple Russian military leaders.

Prigozhin has been lobbing insults at Russia’s military leadership for many weeks, mocking Sergei Shoigu, the Russian minister of defense, as lazy, and describing Valery Gerasimov, the chief of the general staff, as prone to “paranoid tantrums.” Yesterday, he broke with the official narrative and directly blamed them, and their oligarch friends, for launching the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Ukraine did not provoke Russia on February 24, he said: Instead, Russian elites had been pillaging the territories of the Donbas they’ve occupied since 2014, and became greedy for more. His message was clear: The Russian military launched a pointless war, ran it incompetently, and killed tens of thousands of Russian soldiers unnecessarily.

The “evil brought by the military leadership of the country must be stopped,” Prigozhin declared. He warned the Russian generals not to resist: “Everyone who will try to resist, we will consider them a danger and destroy them immediately, including any checkpoints on our way. And any aviation we see above our heads.” The snarling theatricality of Prigozhin’s statement, the baroque language, the very notion that 25,000 mercenaries were going to remove the commanders of the Russian army during an active war—all of that immediately led many to ask: Is this for real?

Up until the moment it started, when actual Wagner vehicles were spotted on the road from Ukraine to Rostov-on-Don, a Russian city a couple of miles from the border (and actual Wagner soldiers were spotted buying coffee in a Rostov-on-Don fast-food restaurant formerly known as McDonald’s), it seemed impossible. But once they appeared in the city—once Prigozhin posted a video of himself in the courtyard of the Southern Military District headquarters in Rostov-on-Don—and once they seemed poised to take control of Voronezh, a city between Rostov-on-Don and Moscow, theories began to multiply.

Read: A crisis erupts in Russia

Maybe Prigozhin is collaborating with the Ukrainians, and this is all an elaborate plot to end the war. Maybe the Russian army really had been trying to put an end to Prigozhin’s operations, depriving his soldiers of weapons and ammunition. Maybe this is Prigozhin’s way of fighting not just for his job but for his life. Maybe Prigozhin, a convicted thief who lives by the moral code of Russia’s professional criminal caste, just feels dissed by the Russian military leadership and wants respect. And maybe, just maybe, he has good reason to believe that some Russian soldiers are willing to join him.

Because Russia no longer has anything resembling “mainstream media”—there is only state propaganda, plus some media in exile—we have no good sources of information right now. All of us now live in a world of information chaos, but this is a more profound sort of vacuum, because so many people are pretending to say things they don’t believe. To understand what is going on (or to guess at it), you have to follow a series of unreliable Russian Telegram accounts, or else read the Western and Ukrainian open-source intelligence bloggers who are reliable but farther from the action: @wartranslated, who captions Russian and Ukrainian video in English, for example; or Aric Toler (@arictoler), of Bellingcat, and Christo Grozev (@christogrozev), formerly of Bellingcat, the investigative group that pioneered the use of open-source intelligence. Grozev has enhanced credibility because he said the Wagner group was preparing a coup many months ago. (This morning, I spoke with him and told him he was vindicated. “Yes,” he said, “I am.”)

But the Kremlin may not have very good information either. Only a month ago, Putin was praising Prigozhin and Wagner for the “liberation” of Bakhmut, in eastern Ukraine, after one of the longest, most drawn-out battles in modern military history. Today’s insurrection was, by contrast, better planned and executed: Bakhmut took nearly 11 months, but Prigozihin got to Rostov-on-Don and Voronezh in less than 11 hours, helped along by commanders and soldiers who appeared to be waiting for him to arrive.

Now military vehicles are moving around Moscow, apparently putting into force “Operation Fortress,” a plan to defend the headquarters of the security services. One Russian military blogger claimed that units of the military, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB security service, and others had already been put on a counterterrorism alert in Moscow very early Thursday morning, supposedly in preparation for a Ukrainian terrorist attack. Perhaps that was what the Kremlin wanted its supporters to think—though the source of the blogger’s claim is not yet clear.

But the unavoidable clashes at play—Putin’s clash with reality, as well as Putin’s clash with Prigozhin—are now coming to a head. Prigozhin has demanded that Shoigu, the defense minister, come to see him in Rostov-on-Don, which the Wagner boss must know is impossible. Putin has responded by denouncing Prigozhin, though not by name: “Exorbitant ambitions and personal interests have led to treason,” Putin said in an address to the nation this morning. A Telegram channel that is believed to represent Wagner has responded: “Soon we will have a new president.” Whether or not that account is really Wagner, some Russian security leaders are acting as if it is, and are declaring their loyalty to Putin. In a slow, unfocused sort of way, Russia is sliding into what can only be described as a civil war.

Read: Russia’s rogue commander is playing with fire

If you are surprised, maybe you shouldn’t be. For months—years, really—Putin has blamed all of his country’s troubles on outsiders: America, Europe, NATO. He concealed the weaknesses of his country and its army behind a facade of bluster, arrogance, and appeals to a phony “white Christian nationalism” for foreign audiences, and appeals to imperialist patriotism for domestic consumption. Now he is facing a movement that lives according to the true values of the modern Russian military, and indeed of modern Russia.

Prigozhin is cynical, brutal, and violent. He and his men are motivated by money and self-interest. They are angry at the corruption of the top brass, the bad equipment provided to them, the incredible number of lives wasted. They aren’t Christian, and they don’t care about Peter the Great. Prigozhin is offering them a psychologically comfortable explanation for their current predicament: They failed to defeat Ukraine because they were betrayed by their leaders.

There are some precedents for this moment. In 1905, the Russian fleet’s disastrous performance in a war with Japan helped inspire a failed revolution. In 1917, angry soldiers came home from World War I and launched another, more famous revolution. Putin alluded to that moment in his brief television appearance this morning. At that moment, he said, “arguments behind the army’s back turned out to be the greatest catastrophe, [leading to] destruction of the army and the state, loss of huge territories, resulting in a tragedy and a civil war.” What he did not mention was that up until the moment he left power, Czar Nicholas II was having tea with his wife, writing banal notes in his diary, and imagining that the ordinary Russian peasants loved him and would always take his side. He was wrong.

This article originally identified the Russian city the Wagner Group entered as Rostov, not Rostov-on-Don.

Anne Applebaum is a staff writer at The Atlantic.

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For decades, Moscow has sought to silence its critics abroad


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From its earliest days, the Soviet Union’s intelligence services — whether known as the Cheka or by the names of any of its successor agencies like the KGB — kept the government in power by pursuing its opponents no matter where they lived.

Intelligence experts say that policy is still followed by Russian President Vladimir Putin, himself a product of the KGB who does not disguise his scorn for perceived traitors, defectors and other political enemies abroad. The Kremlin has routinely denied involvement in such attacks.

The Cheka secret police, founded by Felix Dzherzhinsky, often used assassins to hunt down enemies of the Bolshevik Revolution.

Security expert Andrei Soldatov said the work of the Kremlin’s intelligence services, then and now, has been defined by threats from dissidents abroad.

Perhaps the Cheka’s most successful undertaking in the 1920s was “Operation Trust,” which focused on Russians living abroad who opposed the regime, he said.

The Trust was a front organization, purported to be anti-Bolshevik but in reality was meant to catch and kill Moscow’s enemies. It sent representatives to the West to entrap Russian exiles under the pretext of helping the resistance movement.

That’s how it caught Sidney Reilly, a Ukrainian-born agent who worked for Britain both inside Russia and abroad. Known as the “Ace of Spies,” and said to be the model for Ian Fleming’s James Bond, Reilly was lured back to Moscow, where he was reportedly killed in 1925.

A look at other regime opponents who fled abroad, believing that exile would keep them safe:

Leon Trotsky, a key figure in the Bolshevik Revolution and once seen as a likely successor to Vladimir Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union, lost a battle for power with Josef Stalin and fled the country. He lived in exile in Mexico, where he continued to criticize Stalin. He was befriended there by Ramon Mercader, who pretended to be sympathetic to Trotsky’s ideas but in reality was a Soviet agent. In August 1940, the two were alone in Trotsky’s study when Mercader struck him with an ice ax, mortally wounding him at age 60.

Stepan Bandera was the leader of a Ukrainian nationalist movement in the 1930s and 1940s that included a rebel militia which fought alongside invading Nazi forces in World War II. Bandera’s supporters see him as a freedom fighter for Ukraine against Soviet oppression while Kremlin supporters paint him as a Nazi collaborator who massacred Jews. While living in exile in Munich in 1959, Bandera, 50, was killed after being confronted by a Soviet agent with a gun that sprayed cyanide.

Bulgarian journalist Georgi Markov defected to the West in 1969 and was a harsh critic of his country’s pro-Moscow Communist regime, broadcasting commentaries on the BBC and Radio Free Europe. In September 1978, Markov was waiting at a London bus stop near Waterloo Bridge when a man walked past him and jabbed him with a poison-tipped umbrella. Former KGB agent Oleg Kalugin suggested in 1992 that the attack had been planned by the Soviet Union and Bulgaria, which had asked Moscow for help in the assassination. The probe into Markov’s death was closed in 2013 and no one was ever convicted.

Alexander Litvinenko, a former KGB officer and a lieutenant colonel in its successor agency, the FSB, defected to Britain, where he was a harsh critic of the Kremlin and Putin. On Nov. 1, 2006, Litvinenko met two men at London’s Millennium Hotel and had tea with them. He later fell violently ill, and doctors determined he had ingested polonium-210, a radioactive isotope. He died three weeks later at age 43. On his deathbed, Litvinenko accused Putin of ordering his assassination, and Britain also alleged that the Russian state was involved. The Kremlin denied involvement.

Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military intelligence officer jailed for spying for Britain, was released in 2010 as part of a swap for Russian agents caught in the U.S., and settled in Salisbury, England. In March 2018, he and his daughter, Yulia, were found slumped on a bench in the city, with traces of the nerve agent Novichok discovered on the front door of their house. The Skripals spent weeks hospitalized in critical condition before recovering. A British woman died after being exposed to the nerve agent, which was found in a discarded perfume bottle. Britain accused Russia in the attack, which the Kremlin denied being behind, and Western nations expelled Russian spies in response. Two Russian men identified by authorities as the attackers denied any involvement, saying they were only tourists.

Zelimkhan Khangoshvili, an ethnic Chechen born in Georgia, fought Moscow’s forces during a separatist war in the region of southern Russia. After the war, he continued to help Chechen insurgents, and the FSB viewed him as a terrorist. He fled to Germany after surviving two assassination attempts but was shot to death in broad daylight in 2019 in Berlin’s Kleiner Tiergarten park by a bicyclist. Vadim Krasikov was convicted in the killing, which German authorities say was ordered by the Kremlin. Putin has indicated he wants Krasikov returned to Russia as part of a prisoner swap. Khangoshvili is one of several ethnic Chechen exiles killed apparently on Moscow’s orders. Evidence reviewed by the court alleged that Krasikov had been employed by a Russian security agency, but Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov called allegations of Russian involvement “absolutely groundless.”

In August 2023, pilot Maxim Kuzminov flew a Russian Mi-8 military helicopter to Ukraine, saying he wanted to defect. At a news conference, Kuzminov said he didn’t support the war and that Ukraine had promised him money and protection. In October, a popular Russian TV commentator denounced the defection in a report that featured three masked men in camouflage identified as members of military intelligence who threatened Kuzminov, saying he would not live to go on trial. In February, police found what was later identified as Kuzminov’s bullet-riddled body in La Cala, Spain. He had been shot a half-dozen times and run over by a vehicle. The head of Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service, Sergei Naryshkin, said Kuzminov became a “moral corpse” as soon as he started planning “his dirty and terrible crime.” Kremlin spokesman Peskov said Feb. 20 that he had no information on the death.